The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". And like any trench, it belonged to the . Want 100 or more? The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. The narrator of parts of the novel. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. They understand that China and Poland are ruined as well but think that they are not fat because they drink whiskey. 8. What does it communicate about the Breedlove household? My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. The serpent, constructed over a period of 11 years at a cost of some seven billion prewar francs, was France's last, best hope to avert another German invasion, another devastating war. As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. She finds meaning not in her own family but in romantic movies and in her work caring for a well-to-do white family. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! 14. after World War 1, the French had built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called.. Battle of Britain. [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". But World War I worsened the problem. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! . Border Post line: This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses, which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes, built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Her experience of unwanted sexual attention contrasts sharply with Pecolas rape experience, in which Pecolas father not only fails to protect her, but is the perpetrator himself. More books than SparkNotes. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. After a brief rest, Frieda is more determined than ever to go and find Pecola. Stewart, Amber ed. Origin of Marie. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. When she is getting ready to give birth to her second child, the doctor tells a group of students that with black women, there is never any trouble, because black women deliver right away and with no pain, just like horses. She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. Although we are told that Cholly has no sense of fatherhood because he never knew his own parents (a statement which emphasizes social forces rather than Cholly's choices), we are also told repeatedly that Cholly is dangerously free. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. Over time, she begins to devote all of her energy to taking care of the Fishers' home, and neglects her own home. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." ", Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to see if the cobbler is still hot. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. The first girl that Cholly likes. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. [55] It was also frequently referenced in wartime films, notably Thunder Rock, The Major and the Minor (albeit as a comedic metaphor) and Passage to Marseille. She has not yet learned the self-hatred that plagues her peers. Line of fortifications along the French/German border, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Look up his videos for some good strategy. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. By the time the Germans crossed into French soil through Belgium, the fight was all but over. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. LitCharts Teacher Editions. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. He has a gruff manner toward little Blackgirls. "Bluest Eye Spring Summary and Analysis". on 50-99 accounts. But modern historians are increasingly making a bold claim: It wasn't the Maginot Line that failed, it was diplomacy and French armored tactics. Her mother reinforces this connection as well. . Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. The problem was that Maginot Line, a great line of fortifications that spanned France's borders with several neighbors, was essentially a glorified trench. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. Sometimes it can end up there. Frieda and Claudia are confused about what ruined means and worry that Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line. 7. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. The Maginot Line was impervious . The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. Dunion. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. [26] The French imported a third of their coal from Britain, and 32 percent of all imports through French ports were carried by British ships. While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line. 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