2, The identification of Santangel is due to Navarrete (1825: vol. For the identification of Gabriel Sanchez as treasurer, see Navarrete (1829: v. 3, A fascimile of the second (corrected) Roman edition by Stephanus Plannck is reproduced in, Such a motive is suggested by Jane (1930: p. 47). [75] Its opening salutation hails Ferdinand II of Aragon (later editions also add mention of Isabella I of Castile) and identifies the translator as the notary "Aliander de Cosco" (later editions correct it to "Leander de Cosco"), noting that he finished translating it on April 29, 1493 ("third calends of May"). The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (Chap. While all the Spanish editions are very close to each other, historians believe they are not merely corrected reprints of each other, but that all derive independently (or at least in consultation with) an unknown prior edition or manuscript. For this reason they are considered to be ferocious, and the other Indians consequently are terribly afraid of them; but I consider them of no more account than the others. The letter of Columbus on the discovery of America: a facsimil of the pictorial edition, with a new and literal translation, and a complete reprint of the oldest four editions in latin. The Louisiana [], We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling. Song of Myself (1892) By Walt Whitman, 184. 1745-1797), 82. [8] By contrast, Columbus's 1495 letter of his second voyage and his 1505 letter of his fourth voyage had only one printing each, probably not exceeding 200 copies. The Oval Portrait (1842) By Edgar Allan Poe, 135. In the letter, Christopher Columbus does not describe the journey itself, saying only that he traveled thirty-three days and arrived at the islands of "the Indies" (las Indias), "all of which I took possession for our Highnesses, with proclaiming heralds and flying royal standards, and no one objecting". On June 12, Columbus gathered his crew on Evangelista island (what is now Isla de la Juventud), and had them all swear an oath, before a notary, that Cuba was not an island but indeed the mainland of Asia and that China could be reached overland from there.[59]. Author Introduction-Sojouner Truth (1797 - 1883), 142. This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. [44] However, this leave open the question of why Columbus would have sent a separate letter to Gabriel Sanchez, treasurer of Aragon, with whom he was not intimate, nor was particularly involved in the Indies enterprise, nor any more influential in court than Santangel or some other people Columbus might have addressed.[45]. I took possession of all of them for our most fortunate King by making public proclamation and unfurling his standard, no one making any resistance. Finally, to sum up in a few words the chief results and advantages of our departure and speedy return, I make this promise to our most invincible Sovereigns, that, if I am supported by some little assistance from them, I will give them as much gold as they have need of, and in addition spices, cotton and mastic, which is found only in Chios, and as much aloeswood, and as many heathen slaves as their majesties may choose to demand; besides these, rhubarb and other kinds of drugs, which I think the men I left in the fort before alluded to, have already discovered, or will do so; as I have myself delayed nowhere longer than the winds compelled me, except while I was providing for the construction of a fort in the city of Nativity, and for making all things safe. Editorial: To the Public (1831) By William Lloyd Garrison, 149. Columbus 's most lasting legacy was not his discovery of America, however; it was his exploitation and massacre of the indigenous peoples of the Western hemisphere, which utterly transformed the modern world. The story commonly related is that after Columbus's original Spanish letter was read out loud at court, the notary Leander de Cosco was commissioned by Ferdinand II (or his treasurer, Gabriel Sanchez) to translate it into Latin. Your time is important. From Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Volume 2, 13. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS TO THE NOBLE LORD RAPHAEL SANCHEZ ANNOUNCING THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA As I know that it will afford you pleasure that I have brought my undertaking to a successful result, I have determined to write you this letter to inform you of everything that has been done and discovered in this voyage of mine. Although they should change their minds, and wish to harm those who have remained in the fort, they cannot; because they are without arms, go naked and are too timid; so that, in truth, those who hold the aforesaid fort can lay waste the whole of that island, without any danger to themselves, provided they do not violate the rules and instructions I have given them. [67] It is likely that Andrs Bernldez, chaplain of Seville, may have had or seen a copy (manuscript or printed) of the Spanish letter to Santangel, and paraphrased it in his own Historia de los Reyes Catlicos (written at the end of the 15th century).[68]. A new community was established at a nearby location, and Columbus went on to explore many more islands, such as modern-day Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. If so, it is quite possible that Luis de Santangel was precisely that royal official, that he edited the content and oversaw the printing in Spain, and it was Santangel who sent a copy of the edited letter to Gabriel Sanchez who proceeded to disseminate it to his contacts in Italy to be translated into Latin and Italian and printed there. Introduction-European Exploration Accounts, 7. So, perhaps a better way to phrase it would be 'encounter'; this emphasizes how the 'discovery' was mutual. Columbus, Christopher, The Letter of Columbus on His Discovery of the New World (Los Angeles: USC Fine Arts Press, 1989). For what the mind of man could not compass the spirit of God has granted to mortals. The Tear of a Wife (1852) By Fanny Fern, 168. They journeyed for three days, and found innumerable people and habitations, but small and having no fixed government; on which account they returned. The letter was instrumental in spreading the news throughout Europe about Columbus's voyage. The earlier printed Spanish edition bears no title, nor does the manuscript copy of the letter to the Catholic monarchs (Libro Copiador).[10]. From Declaration of Independence Draft By Thomas Jefferson in progress-- needs footnotes added, 72. I found among them no monsters, as very many expected; but men of great deference and kind; nor are they black like the Ethiopians; but they have long, straight hair. On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from Spain to find an all-water route to Asia. 1. May 1493. From The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Part 1, 75. Consequently I continued along towards the East, as much as 322 miles, always hugging the shore. Author Introduction-John Winthrop (1588-1649), 26. The Indian Burying Ground (1788) By Philip Freneau, 92. This letter is addressed to the monarchs in Spain. The explicit recipient of Columbus's Spanish letter was the Escribano de Racinat that time, Luis de Santngel. He also insists that the stories told about the lands were baseless and mostly lies. He described the islands, particularly Hispaniola and Cuba, exaggerating their size and wealth, and suggested that mainland China probably lay nearby. He describes how they go about largely naked, that they lack iron and weapons, and are by nature fearful and timid ("son asi temerosos sin remedio"), even "excessively cowardly" ("en demasiado grado cobardes"). At the time, the pope was then deep in the midst of arbitrating between the claims of the crowns of Portugal and Spain over Columbus's discoveries. For a Latin transcription (with English translation) of the third Roman (Silber) edition, see R.H. Major, M. Edney (1996, 2009) "The Columbus Letter: Concerning the Islands Recently Discovered in the Indian Sea", at the University of Southern Maine, reproduces the. Author Introduction-Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), 120. The letter provides very few details of the oceanic voyage itself, and covers up the loss of the flagship of his fleet, the Santa Mara, by suggesting Columbus left it behind with some colonists, in a fort he erected at La Navidad in Hispaniola. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The Cuenca copy also had a cover title "Carta del Almirante D. Gabriel Sanches". See Columbus's journal (Markham ed., 1893: Matthew Edney (1996, rev. Author Introduction-Philip Freneau (1752-1832), 88. The prospect of new souls ready to be converted, emphasized in the letters, and a Spanish crown eager to undertake the expense of that effort, must have swayed more than a few opinions. Author Introduction-- Benjamin Franklin (17061790), 74. An official position of the Crown of Aragon, the Escribano de Racin was the high accountant or comptroller of the king's household expenditures, and can be thought of as a finance minister to Ferdinand II of Aragon.[30][31]. On his third attempt, in another bull also called Inter caetera, written in the summer and backdated to May 4, 1493, the Pope once again confirmed the Spanish claim on the Indies more explicitly with a longitude line of demarcation granting all lands 100 leagues west of Cape Verde (not merely those discovered by "her envoys") as the exclusive dominion of the Crown of Castile (with no explicit safeguards for prior Portuguese treaties or grants). [58] On the day the treaty was signed, June 7, 1494, Columbus was sailing along the southern shore of Cuba, prodding fruitlessly at that lengthy coast. Whereupon both women and men, children and adults, young and old, laying aside the fear they had felt a little before, flocked eagerly to see us, a great crowd thronging about our steps, some bringing food, and others drink, with greatest love and incredible good will. Letter of Francis Daniel Pastorius Sent from Philadelphia, on May 30, 1698, 43. StudyCorgi. They carry, however, canes dried in the sun in place of weapons, upon whose roots they fix a wooden shaft, dried and sharpened to a point. 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