linguatula serrata in humans treatmentlinguatula serrata in humans treatment

Govaresh 17:5559, Yagi H et al (1996) The Marrara syndrome: a hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. Tavassoli, M., H. Tajic, B. Dalir-Naghadeh, F. Hairiri. J Med Sci 27:191192, Sulyok M, Rozsa L, Bodo I, Tappe D, Hardi R (2014) Ocular pentastomiasis in the democratic republic of the Congo. Because humans are often the accidental intermediate or final host of L. serrata, the pentastomid is of medical and economic importance. 2011-04-20T11:09:33-04:00 Coronavirus is a single-st. The adult male L. serrata is 1.8-2 cm, while an adult female is 8-13 cm. Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M, et al. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Exotic worms and worm-like parasites, and surveillance in the UK. Dietary habits play the important roles in the transmission of the parasite. Tabaripour, R., Keighobadi, M., Sharifpour, A. et al. Ocular linguatuliasis in Ecuador: case report and morphometric study of the larva of, First maxillae suction discs in branchiura (Crustacea): development and evolution in light of the first molecular phylogeny of branchiura,pentastomida, and other maxillopoda.. (Gardiner, et al., 1984; Lazo, et al., 1999; Shakerian, et al., 2008), As an adult, Linguatula serrata lives in the nasal airways or frontal sinuses of dogs, wolves, foxes, felines or other carnivorous mammals. (Lazo, et al., 1999), Adult Linguatula serrata uses papillae on its annuli to sense its environment. Parasite: Linguatula serrata. In other words, Central and South America. Disclaimer. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2010.11.4.480, Article (Drabick, 1987), Although sexually dimorphic, larger females attempt to find similarly sized males to mate. Acta Trop 125:115118. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. [Google Scholar] Meshgi B, Asgarian O. uuid:d086885c-dd60-41fd-be47-b0934fd3ce84 J Parasitol 3:5355, Arbabi M, Mobedi I, Boostani M (1997) First case report of Marrara disease from Kashan. Human linguatulosis is a rare but highly specialized pentastomid parasitic infection all around the world. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. either directly causes, or indirectly transmits, a disease to a domestic animal, uses smells or other chemicals to communicate. Linguatula serrata is a species of cosmopolitan zoonotic parasite, belonging to the tongueworm order Pentastomida.They are wormlike parasites of the respiratory systems of vertebrates. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07272-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07272-y. In cases with ocular localization of the parasites, surgical removal is the treatment of choice. TabaTabaVakili S, Abbasi A, Mobedi I et al (2012) Report of a case with small bowel obstruction by a rare parasite (Pentastomiasis). This pentastomid has a relatively low host specificity, infecting many herbivorous mammals as juveniles and many carnivorous mammals as adults. Bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum. 2008. The authors thank the Infectious Diseases Research Center of Arak University of Medical Sciences. While the larvae are encysted, many of them die and calcify after about two years, but if the definitive, carnivorous host feeds upon the intermediate host when the larvae are in their third stage, the carnivore acquires the parasite. The reason for the presentation of this case is that Linguatula serrata, a parasite rarely encountered in humans, was found in a patient in Van province. The Altmetric Attention Score for a research output provides an indicator of the amount of attention that it has received. The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. In the larval stage, it is endoparasitic on herbivorous and domesticated mammals such as sheep, camels, goats, cattle, rabbits, rodents and pigs. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01276-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01276-8. After multiple instar stages, adult L. serrata have unaligned pores or stigmata along their bodies. Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: order Porocephalida, family Linguatulidae) is a cosmopolitan parasite inhabiting . Morphology of Linguatula serrata tongue worm. Linguatulosis is a condition associated with the organism Linguatula serrata.. government site. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata nymphs and gross changes of infected mesenteric lymph nodes in sheep in Urmia, Iran. are found in the nasal passages and frontal sinuses of dogs . The intermediate hosts of these parasites are usually sheep, cattle, or rodents. Linguatula serrata, also called the dog tongue worm, is not a helminth (i.e. The body is covered with about 70-100 annuli, or rings, with many pores and spines on each annulus arranged in rows. that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle). Case Report Korean J Radiol 11:480484. (8) and could thus be identified as a third instar larva of L. serrata tongue worm. https://iranjournals.nlai.ir/handle/123456789/249016, Mohammadi GA, Mobedi I, Ariaiepour M et al (2008) A case report of nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis in Tehran, Iran and characterization of the isolated Linguatula serrata. Ind Medical Gazette 75(8):478, CAS Tabaripour R, Shokri A, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Fakhar M, Keighobadi M. Parasite Epidemiol Control. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi. Correspondence to https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.187, Article The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. There was not any conflict of interests by all authors. Bookshelf having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa. Larvae (nymphs) of Linguatula spp. Linguatula serrata tongue worm in human eye, Austria. Diagnosis of human visceral pentastomiasis. J Parasit Dis 45, 5058 (2021). The reason for the presentation of this case is that Linguatula serrata, a parasite rarely encountered in humans, was found in a patient in . Evolution in the pentastomids. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0508, Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman D (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Linguatula serrate, an ectoparasite, belonging to the arthropods order, has diverse forms of adult, nymph and larva. Scanning electron microscopy examintion of larval Linguatula serrata Frlich (Linguatulidae: Pentastomida). Since their hosts are agricultural animals and the eggs require an aqueous environments, the occurrence of L. serrata depends on the sanitation of water and food in the area. 1999. The larvae develop to their adult stage in the nasopharynx of the carnivorous mammals and mate. Larvae are primarily non-feeding, encysting in a variety of host tissues. Intraocular pentastomiasis causing unilateral glaucoma. Cannon. The disease is caused by worm-like parasites which share some morphologic features of arthropods and annelids. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39(5):808812, Roy D, Ganguly S (1940) Linguatulid infection in man. The PMC legacy view will also be available for a limited time. Maleky F. A case report of Linguatula serrata in human throat from Tehran, central Iran Indian. Characterization of the tongue worm, Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae), in Australia. Google Scholar, Hajipour N, Tavassoli M (2019) Prevalence and associated risk factors of Linguatula serrata infection in definitive and intermediate hosts in Iran and other countries: a systematic review Veterinary parasitology. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal A position as the sister group of branchiurian crustaceans (Maxillopoda) is supported by molecular data and sperm morphology (911) and is widely accepted today; however, sound evidence also exists for other classifications (12). Google Scholar, Gokpinar S, Aydenzoz M (2010) Protozoons and arthropods found in eyes. During these sexually immature stages, it resides in the herbivorous mammal's mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs and liver. The species of tongue worms infecting humans are currently classified as Porocephalida: they include Linguatula serrata and Armillifer armillatus (Baird et al., 1988).. Linguatulosis (linguatuliasis) is a disease that is caused as a result of body invasion by worm-like parasites of the genus Linguatula.Dogs, cats and other wild canines are the main definitive hosts for the parasite while . CDC twenty four seven. (Drabick, 1987; Hami, et al., 2009), Linguatula serrata is an opportunist and can infect humans and other omnivores in their immature or mature stages, depending on their diet. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Horeca news, de voedingsspecialist Fattore di Impatto 2022-2023| Analisi, Trend, Ranking & Previsione - Academic Accelerator The polyclinic doctor suspected that the worm was a parasite but he could not make a diagnosis, and the patient was referred to Health Research and Training Hospital, Yznc Yl University. Living nymphs were expelled.This is the first human case reported from Greece so far. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.01.010, Siavashi M, Assmar M, Vatankhah A (2002) Nasopharyngeal pentastomiasis (Halzoun): report of 3 Cases Iran. 2020 Mar 9;11:268-281. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.03.002. 2012. Haugerud, R. 1989. Tabaripour R, Shokri A, Teshnizi S H, et al (2019) Status of Linguatula serrata infection in livestock: a systematic review with meta-analysis in Iran. The intermediate host ingests the eggs off aquatic or wet vegetation in the external environment. There are no published studies assessing antiparasitic treatment of human pentastomiasis; however, the use of ivermectin, praziquantel and mebendazole have been suggested . Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Even when a cladogram without P. crotali and on a basis of 1,780 aligned sites was constructed, L. serrata remained in the Cephalobaenida. The adult forms of Linguatula spp. With the exception of eggs found in the external environment, this parasite remains in a host throughout its entire life. Final visual acuity was 1.0 Snellen. "Linguatula serrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Schmutzhard E and Helbok R (2014). and transmitted securely. Introduction. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000320, Vakili S, Abbasi AIM, Movafaghi S, Fereidooni F, Daryani N (2012) Report of a case with small bowel obstruction by a rare parasite (Pentastomiasis). Morphological support for the phylogenetic positioning of Pentastomida and related fossils. eCollection 2020 Apr. fertilization takes place within the female's body. Govaresh 17(1):5559, Yagi H, El Bahari S, Mohamed HA et al (1996) The Marrara syndrome: a hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. There is no known positive importance for this species. Ann Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri A, Gamali R, Kazemi A (1997) A case report of Halzon syndrome. Common name: Tongue worm. Behrmann, K. 2012. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. uuid:610fcf74-7bdc-419a-868e-d6a8cd38276e Accessibility Gardiner, C., J. Dyke, S. Shirley. Taxon Information https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.013, Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W, Auer H, Barisani-Asenbauer T (2011) Linguatula serrata tongue worm in human eye. Med J Islamic Rep Iran (MJIRI) 12(2):193194. Linguatula serrata, the so-called tongue worm, is a worm-like, bloodsucking parasite belonging to the Pentastomida group. This generalist approach helps the parasite evade a host defense. Linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan species and both larval and nymphal stages have been recorded from humans in Africa, Europe, and the Americas [13]. Considering a few reports of human infestation, a comprehensive search was performed on both English and Persian databases for publications reporting human cases all around the world. 2019 May;51(4):879-885. doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1768-3. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.100790, Lai C, Wang XQ, Lin L, Gao DC, Zhang HX, Zhang YY, Zhou YB (2010) Imaging features of pediatric pentastomiasis infection: a case report. 3113). If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. doi: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00111. Although the distribution of this pentastomid is almost global, it is predominantly prevalent in warm subtropical and temperate regions. Linguatula serrata impacts agricultural ecosystems by decreasing fitness and sometimes causing mortality in livestock. It is uncommon in the UK and USA, but has a prevalence of over 40% in some Middle Eastern countries. Acta Trop 62:127134, Yazdani R, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Mohammadi MA (2014) Human linguatulosis caused by linguatula serrata in the City of Kerman, South-Eastern Iran-case report Iran. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. There was little information on the longevity of adults, but other pentastomid species can live for around ten years. 2012 Apr;24(2):222-7. (Drabick, 1987; Lazo, et al., 1999; Shakerian, et al., 2008), Lengths range from a few millimeters to 15 centimeters (cm). Google Scholar, Ryan E, Hill D R, Solomon T et al (2019) Hunters tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases E-Book, 10th edn. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. In carnivores, including dogs, it usually parasitises the nasal cavity and sinuses, causing upper respiratory signs. Ocular linguatuliasis in Ecuador: Case report and morphometric study of the larva of Linguatula serrata. IJP: Parasites and Wildlife 11:149157. Iran J Parasitol. . Larval L. serrata normaly measure 3-4 mm. Journal of Parasitic Diseases Med J Islam Repub Iran 12:193194, Schacher JF, Saab S, Germanos R, Boustany N (1969) The aetiology of halzoun in Lebanon: recovery of Linguatula serrata nymphs from two patients. A prevalence of 38.57% and 35.67% was recorded in 2010 and 2011, respectively, in Jalingo, Taraba State. However, the distance between L. serrata and the other species is larger than that between any other species. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi. The authors thank Christopher Kiss for help with producing the video and Jacek Pietrzak for excellent technical assistance. Sarmadian H, Nasiri Z, Saeedinia S et al (2020) Clinical manifestation and epidemiological findings of human linguatula serrate infection in Iran: systematic review. Emerg Infect Dis. In this study case reports of individuals in Iran those infected with the Linguatula serrata were taken from the international databases (e.g., Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database, and Irandoc) and reviewed. The data and materials used in the study are available upon request from the corresponding author. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico. Part of Springer Nature. (Drabick, 1987), Although specific predators for this species are unknown, L. serrata depends on predator-prey relationships to reach its hosts. Parasitic diseases can affect practically all living organisms, including plants and mammals. Tavassoli M, Tamaddonfard E, Mirshekar F, Hajipour N, Erfanparast A. Vet Parasitol. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata infection in domestic bovids slaughtered in Tabriz Abattoir, Iran. JKMU 8:175178, Mohanta UK, Itagaki T (2017) Molecular characterization and phylogeny of Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae) based on the nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The girl also had cats and a turtle, but cats are not primary hosts and turtles are never hosts for the life cycle of the L. serrata tongue worm (14). It causes pentastomiasis and respiratory tract disorder in reptiles or carnivores and herbivorous mammals and rarely human. Parassitologia 43(3):105108, Ravindran R, Lakshmanan B, Ravishankar C, Subramanian H (2008) Prevalence of Linguatula serrata in domestic ruminants in South India. Antropologia, Educao, Sociologia e Fenmenos Sociais The parasite's eggs are transferred when coughed or sneezed out from the lungs to the external environment. 2001; 55:439-441. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 4 (3): 25-31. A Nasopharyngeal Human Infestation Caused by Linguatula serrata Nymphs in Van Province: A Case Report Iran J Med Sci 27(4):191192, Sulyok M, Rzsa L, Bod I et al (2014) Ocular pentastomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. a wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. 2007. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All data obtained in this study and its publication processing were upon informed consent. The infestation may lead to acute pharyngitis, dysphasia, vomiting, nasal . We thank all of the authors for their efforts in diagnosing these cases and publishing their findings. Accordingly, it is very important to train the employees working in the slaughterhouses and the people who consume these organs. Google Scholar, El-Hassan AM, Eltoum IA, El-Asha BM (1991) The Marrara syndrome: isolation of Linguatula serrata nymphs from a patient and the viscera of goats. Georgopoulos M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W, et al. PScript5.dll Version 5.2 Symptoms of infection were mainly observed in the upper respiratory tract in most reports, the patients status was improved by removing the parasite from the infected organ. Clinical manifestation and epidemiological findings of human. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Epub 2020 Sep 23. Linguatula serrata females mate once over the course of their lifetime, but due to huge spermathecal storage and oocytes continuously being ejected from the ovary, females can lay thousands or millions of eggs per year. The larvae use leg-like appendages for movement through the intermediate host. 1987. Linguatula serrata. [Progress of research on clinical manifestations and diagnosis of human pentastomiasis]. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63:854858. Linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan species and both larval and nymphal stages have been recorded from humans in Africa, Europe, and the Americas . Those who can afford medical help can direct their treatment either towards eliminating the nymphs in their system or relieving the symptoms of infestation through nasal sprays or antihistamines. Eggs survive well in aqueous environments, such as water or wet vegetation, where they are ingested. Acta Trop 62(3):127134, Yazdani R, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Mohammadi MA (2014) Human linguatulosis caused by Linguatula serrata in the city of Kerman. The authors declare no conflict of interest. J Parasitol Res 2014:916120. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/916120, Pampiglione S, Gentile A, Maggi P, Scattone A, Sollitto F (2001) A nodular pulmonary lesion due to Linguatula serrata in an HIV-positive man. volume120,pages 30453050 (2021)Cite this article. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003041, Tabaripour R, Shokri A, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Fakhar M, Keighobadi M (2019) Status of Linguatula serrata infection in livestock: a systematic review with meta-analysis in Iran. Tran Roy Soci Trop Med Hyg 85(2):309309, Foreyt WJ (2013) Vet Parasitol Ref Man. "". J Egypt Med Assoc 38:229231, Rendtorff RC, Deweese MW, Murrah W (1962) The occurrence of Linguatula serrata, a pentastomid, with the human eye. Tongue worm (Linguatula serrata) is an endoparasite commonly dwelling in carnivores, especially dogs. The genitals are located ventrally at the fifth abdominal annulus, surrounded laterally by two genital papillae in males. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. A large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. Similarly, the chief definitive hosts of L. serrata are dogs existing in urban areas, also leaving natural ecosystems relatively unaffected. Human might be involved in case of consuming raw or semi cooked liver of animals. living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns. John Wiley & Sons, ISBN, p 1118682262. - 172.104.178.68. All species infecting humans are currently classified as Porocephalida; the species L. serrata and Armillifer armillatus are responsible for most human cases of infection. and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Arbabi M, Hooshyar H, Mobedi Em Boostani M (1997) First case report of Marrara disease from Kashan. Bed bugs; Other names: Cimicosis, bed bug bites, bedbugs, bed bug infestation: An adult bed bug (Tavassoli, et al., 2007). Ocul Immunol Inflamm 19(6):442443, Schacher JF, Saab S, Germanos R, Boustany N (1969) The aetiology of halzoun in Lebanon: recovery of Linguatula serrata nymphs from two patients. References (8) D.A. The maximum cases (n=25) were from Sudan. dogs, and livestocks slaughterhouse offal or the carcasses of infected herbivores, and a careful control and treatment strategy to prevent it in such as goats, sheep, and cattle; this facilitates the spread of intermediate . View data is from . All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Elham Sadat Banimostafavi or Mahdi Fakhar. Epub 2018 Mar 7. J Shahid Sadoughi Uni Med Sci 5:5860, Baird JK, Kassebaum LJ, Ludwig GK (1988) Hepatic granuloma in a man from North America caused by a nymph of Linguatula serrata. animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature. Dysphagia. Reg Stud Rep 16:100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100288, Article Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. Source: Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria Emerging Infectious Diseases 17 (5), 870-872 PubMed. There was an unexpected error. Many human infections arise in underdeveloped areas of the world like the Middle East, India, Africa, and Southeast Asia, where eating raw glands of cattle, sheep, and other herbivorous mammals is a part of a normal diet. Humans are not considered as its main hosts but can act as both intermediate (visceral linguatuliasis) and final hosts (nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis). (Tavassoli, et al., 2007). Infection rates of dogs in Austria are unknown; only 1 case has been reported, and it occurred in a dog imported from the United States (15). liver, or serous membranes. 'ta. The aim of this study was to collect data and provide information on clinical diagnosis of disease, methods of dissemination, prevention and treatment of human linguatuliasis in order to increase peoples awareness and health care. Epub 2018 Dec 6. In this study case reports of individuals in Iran those infected with the Linguatula serrata were taken from the international databases (e.g., Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database, and Irandoc) and reviewed. Lagomorphs are one of the many natural intermediate hosts for the pentastomid, Linguatula serrata (James and Harwood, 1969; Soulsby, 1968). Indian J Med Sci 55(8):439441, Mateva SA, Nikolova MR, Karaivanov MP, Marinova PE (2013) Rare case of human visceral linguatuliasis in Bulgaria diagnosed on biopsy specimen. It infects the airways of dogs, occasionally cats, which act as final hosts, but also other domestic and wild animals (including cattle, sheep . The adult forms of Linguatula spp. mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation. Infection may also be acquired through ingestion of eggs from plants or water in the environment. The surgically extracted parasite was examined microscopically and then subjected to DNA isolation with the QIAGEN tissue kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this paper, we explore the case of a Lebanese patient presenting with clinical symptoms of Halzoun syndrome, and discuss the diagnostic and curative aspects of the disease with a review of the literature. an animal which directly causes disease in humans. oS$GGGwQD!Q=xC}}/?^nxOVOH @*Yxu v}c2'K_=6=xg@k=,Jq],_oa^.?Y8M"op]WM~KVYT J?UX;W,bZUS6WJ3XQ}gvxM dp_O\sEzOLU{3&W wonYZ>IXU dwKVjz`"b{~6LnqwlWPs&SUUK3k[\XP k5XmpOf0ai6LZ/Xq/v[3CbFE36XyusYv k2W4Nni RgJ1Mi),,wX1!Y.!w=l8KI=zl8%YNOJUlZ>O! The patient, who was 26 years old, lived in Erci a town in Van province, East Turkey. The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides! Research in Veterinary Science, 84: 243-245. South-Eastern Iran-Case Report Iran J Parasitol 9(2):282, PubMed Altogether, the morphologic appearance of this specimen was similar to the organism described by Lazo et al. Females can produce hundreds of thousands of eggs, which are expelled into the environment through nasal discharge, saliva or feces. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. 2018 Dec;64(12):1081-1084. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.64.12.1081. IJP: Parasites and Wildlife 11: 268281. The parasite was examined in the Parasitology Laboratory and it was observed that this parasite was the nymph of L. serrata whose mouth was surrounded with four hooks and had approximately 90 body segments with small hooks. 1984. Elsevier Health Sciences. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.

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