sankhya philosophy pptsankhya philosophy ppt

Prof.Harjeet Kaur Bhatia Senses/Instruments: The five senses and five instruments of expression are like ten doors of a building. When the balance of nature is first disturbed Rajas guna is activated and tries to make Sattvaguna manifest, which is restrained by tamasgunaSattvaguna predominates and control Tamas during early stage of manifestation Sattva and Tamas interact as expansion and contraction by the RajasGunas are root of all changes, the foundation of reality the existence of all thingsThey in perfect balance before the manifestation of objective worldDis-equilibrium cause manifestation The predominance of the one or the other of theses accounts for various stages in the process of cosmic evolution.They coexisted in everything one or other predominates. Looks at Skhya tradition from the outside, especially as it appears in Nyya and Vednta. Unlike the (older) stras (aphorisms) of other systems, which are often cryptic and ambiguous, the Skhya-Krik is a clear composition that is well ordered and argued. All things, and all subsequent tattwas or evolutes, are contained within Mulaprakriti, but in a subtle or unmanifest form. The Krik ousted all previous Skhya writings, of which only stray quotations remain. Until Samkhya, all this was muddy. This philosophy is one of the six major philosophies of the East Indian culture and one of the most significant of the six that has endured throughout time. You can read the details below. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. The name of the third gua, tamas, means darkness. Manas or instinctive mind - evolves from the sattva aspect of ahamkara. A detailed account giving due weight to the. Perhaps sat-krya is better rendered as the effect of existent [causes]; it stands for a moderate form of determinism. Oriental. Download Free PDF Related Papers 2005 Prakriti is the second, the material principle of Samkhya.Two ultimate realities accounts for all experiencesPurush (Spirit)Prakrati (Matter)As a logical principle and serve as a the source out of which everything evolveEvolution of matter from its cosmic cause as a processes of unfolding, a projection of potentialities into realitiesSomething cannot come out of nothing. . Its function is sakalpaarranging (literally fitting together) or coordinating the indriya-s. endobj 50% (2) 50% found this document useful (2 votes) By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. The Skhya analysis of causation is called sat-krya-vda, or literally the existent effect theory, which opposes the view taken by the Nyya philosophy. According to others, however, the . It is perfectly clear that he wanted to write the common standard for the whole school, acceptable to all adherents to the philosophy; and he succeeded. Samkhya and Western DualismThe radical dualism between the sentient and insentient entities as postulated by Samkhya is comparable with Cartesian mind and body dualism of the West. Of course, the gods of Skhya are not classical Judeo-Christian-Muslim God; they are just extra-long-lived, perhaps very powerful beings within the empirical world, themselves compounds of matter and soul. Purusha is neither produced nor does it produce.PrakritiPrakriti is matter. There is only external awareness about an object. Purusha (Self) is the first principle of Samkhya. In evolution, Prakriti is transformed and differentiated into multiplicity of objects. Mahat is also considered to be the principle responsible for the rise of buddhi or intelligence in living beings. There is a lot of data from sensory perception, but there is little or no understanding of the inputs. He tries to solve some of the difficulties by proposing that the multiplicity of purua-s be understood as essentially epistemological in nature and ontologically irrelevant. Consciousness? Hindu philosophy called Sankhya philosophy. (3) And in most cases, prakti means both the manifest and the unmanifest nature (which consists of the twenty-fourtattva-s starting from the second). But neither are they substances: they cannot exist separately (in every phenomenon all the three gua-s are present), they are not spatially or temporally delimited, they do not have separate individuality, and they can increase or decrease gradually in an object. Despite its long history, Skhya is essentially a one-book school: the earliest extant complete text, the Skhya-Krik, is the unquestioned classic of the tradition. A good description of Skhya followed by summaries of practically all surviving works. There has no philosophical place for a creationst God in this system. How can the inactive soul influence matter, and how could an unintelligent substance, nature, serve anybodys purpose? Hence, there must be a plurality of distinct purua-s. (2) If there were only one purua, everyone would act simultaneously alike, for the purua is the supervisor of the body. The relation of the unmanifest and manifest nature is somewhat vague, perhaps because there were conflicting opinions on this question. It is cause of mass weight and inertia. The evolution itself is possible because Prakriti is always in a state of tension among its constituent strands -Sattva - a template of balance or equilibrium; Rajas - a template of expansion or activity; Tamas - a template of inertia or resistance to action. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Mind: Mind (manas) is the instrument, which is the driving force behind actions, speech, and the thinking process. Evolution of the Samkhya SchoolOne of the Six Schools of traditional Hindu philosophy, Samkhya philosophy is also considered to be the oldest. Here then we have a theory of creation that begins not with the Absolute Reality itself (as in all the monistic emanationist cosmologies), but with the principle of Unmanifest "Nature". The agriculturally-rooted concept of the productive union of the sky-god (or sun-god or rain-god) and the earth goddess appears in India typically as the connection of the spiritual, immaterial, lordly, immobile fertilizer (represented as the iva-ligam, or phallus) and of the active, fertile, powerful but subservient material principle (akti or Power, often as the horrible Dark Lady, Kl). Purua, the name of the first tattva (reality) literally means man in Sanskrit (though it often is used for the wider concept of person in Sanskrit and the Skhya system, as the Skhya system holds that all sentient beings are embodied purua-s: not simply male humans). And although it is a lonely, uninterested spectator, a witness unable to act, it does like or dislike what it sees: it can suffer (this is, after all, the existential starting point for Skhya). We've updated our privacy policy. It has attracted a commentary by Vijna Bhiku, the eminent Vedntist of the 16th century, entitledSkhya-Pravacana-Bhya or Commentary expounding Skhya. He also authored a small systematic treatise, the Skhya-Sra (The Essence of Skhya). 1gG$h;0O] " r)SvRPOv.TtC-BdP\lP\fk?&VZ$CFKr0UJ)hd_IY+!btHd122.~piAqeKhQi X'LcZu*uCATb]EzWlQEF@ ( PP^RL"U&"n93BE[Z=xK7kzQdi|Z&Vp;msk/`X[|Szs ,Cr/g@;L4:`z]{+t2%kRz"wl(ajBGZ]j5X=ZWF:j3W~:G!tE:&`NnhJcVp{8TCHq/a^Z(-Q"T~YYm;Z*\3'fODkQvmf t,,Ostjla[+?n&YY*Wsp)PTe;[''&kw,jt~OvmB6Ia9+{A(N+J*u# \#|vue= -:aLh}885f(%!/exT#VFp[mmZ`\(yiaZ b\:#j }]~92'!G3}gf!%lCx@OCtmKA*(@7tnW8IMw|ub:D S$s wTmQF7&A(\w#9p:-!3S-g\({|ls0((*cu)PQ;{kp>P18 q b\yQA+dBN The concept of Ishvara was incorporated into the Sankhya viewpoint only after it became associated with the theistic Yoga system of philosophy. Although purua is not actually bound by any external force, it is an enchanted observer that cannot take his eyes off from the performance. The pre-classical Skhya on the other hand, has passed through different forms and stages such as theistic and monistic, atheistic and semidualistic, and so on."[1]The original school of Samkhya as founded by Sage Kapila. As purua is essentially private for every sentient being, being their true self, there are many irreducibly distinct purua-s. The term prakti (meaning nature and productive substance) is actually used in three related but different senses. Hence, there must be a plurality of distinct purua-s. (3) If there were only onepurua, we would all experience the same things. The crude names of the powers of action are speech, hand, foot, anus and lap. The older (6th cent. This is also known as buddhi or the awakened intelligence. Rajas (dust) is the principle of change, energy and passion, while tamas (darkness) appears as inactivity, dullness, heaviness and despair. After understand Sankhya philosophy we will discuss and try to solve all the mysteries of universe from the principles of Sankhya philosophy. Dr Kanchan Saxena. It is pure potentiality that evolves itself successively into twenty four tattvas or principles. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. The two types of entities that exist, on Skhyas account, are Prakti or Nature and purua-s or persons. is considered by several modern scholars as a version of Skhya. Shortcuts: It is important to note and remember that, while the retracing method of Sankhya-Yoga leads one systematically inward to direct experience, there is also the shortcut from bestowing of direct experience, grace, or shaktipat, whether you hold that as coming from God, Guru, or some other explanation of such gift. Samkhya is a dualistic philosophy, meaning that there is a clear distinction between matter and consciousnesschanging and unchanging. Prakriti Prakriti is comprised of three qualities Tamas, Rajas, and Sattva. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Ferenc Ruzsa Prakriti manifests as the three gunas and the other evolutes. Mahat is intuition, or cognition, but it is not consciousness. He purposefully avoids all points of conflict: he is either silent about them or uses ambivalent expressions. Vedanta: Roots of Indian Philosophy Jan. 06, 2014 17 likes 8,770 views Report . If Prakti is equated with Matter, purua may be equated with the soul. The gods are of eight kinds; animals are of five kinds and humans, significantly, belongs to one group only (suggesting an egalitarianism with respect to humans). 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The cosmogenic understanding is probably older, and it seems to predominate in later accounts as well. Characteristic of Skhya is a metaphorical but consistent presentation of the purua as a conscious, unchangeable, male principle that is inactive, while Nature is the unconscious, forever changing, female principle that is active, yet subservient to the ends of the purua. Nyaya philososphy Vijayalakshmi Murugesan 1 of 9 Ad. Prakti as unmanifest, pure potentiality is the substrate of the whole world, while in her manifest form she has twenty-three interdependent structures (tattva-s). In the commentaries it is normally explained as the view that the effect already exists in its cause prior to its production. This is the liberation of purua, in Skhya, normally called kaivalya (isolation). The evolution of primal Nature is also considered to be purposeful - Prakrti evolves for the spirit in bondage. [2] Also out of ahamkara arise the five elements (bhuta) and the five energy potentials (tanmatra). In Western philosophy the main focus of discussions about dualism concern dualism between the mind and the body. These are the tanmatras, the substances upon which the senses function. Much of the Skhya system became widely accepted in India: especially the theory of the three gua-s; and it was incorporated into much latter Indian philosophy, especially Vednta. =i{2( /#?X?r(F@wR(stf7q{:+CVSf"#~d:A7G!q*> Y%,P`hS&{d;%S9r]uRSkk$df3WJba84,rjk4:W The final problem with Samkhya was its strict dualism. There is cognition of the object, but no discriminative recognition.For example, a babys initial experience is full of impression. sankhya: Indian school of philosophy. Samsaara or bondage arises when the Purusha does not have the discriminate knowledge and so is misled as to its own identity, confusing itself with the physical body - which is actually an evolute of Prakriti. When these five elements are in the subtle realm, they are known as tanmatras. The school also argues that an unchanging Ishvara as the cause cannot be the source of a changing world as the effect.Later on followers of Samkhya adopted theism and included Ishvara within the system. Besides its own author, varaka, the Skhya-Krik itself names several ancient adherents of the school plus a standard work, the ai-Tantra (the book of sixty [topics]). Intellect, ego and mind together constitute the anta-karaa (internal organ), or the material psyche, while the other indriya-s (powers) collectively are called the external organ. In Samkhya, however, it is between the self (purusha) and matter, and the latter incorporates much of what Western thought would normally refer to as "mind". Elements: A further outpouring of Prakriti is when it bursts forth as the equivalent of space, as experienced in the subtle (non-physical) realm. The requirement of God is not perceived in Samkhya for epistemic clarity concerning the interaction between the greater self, the individual self, and the surrounding universe. C0%|3L'g8=wA- 1gsaY =s}2Fy4/>$7{4L,vgO$=TeK6-`4)/0$`6SiO#'P`d[|^xq O-t))wKx|N0S x1#HEz37JmFS6 Azaharuddeen, <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Title: Sankhya-1 Description: This ppt file and sankya-2.doc contains all of our current shows on the . Sattva is additionally often used for entity, existence, essence and intelligence. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Because Prakti is essentially changing, nothing is constant in the material world: everything decays and meets its destruction in the end. The spirit is liberated when the discriminate knowledge of the difference between conscious Purusha and unconscious Prakriti is realized.Originally the three gunas were in complete balance. This is not to say that self-awareness training is as easy as learning to use a computer. In consequence of Praktis connection with the soul, Prakti evolves many forms: the twenty-three tattva-s (realities) of manifest Prakti. And as a dancer, after having performed, stops dancing, so does Prakti cease to perform for an individual purua when its task is accomplished. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Hence, there must be a separate purua for us all. The external organ is strictly bound to the present tense, while the psyche is active in the past and future as well (memory, planning, and the grasping of timeless truths). varaka appears to recognize three kinds of inference (SK 5b) (as evidenced by his clear reference to the Nyya-Stra 1.1.5): cause to effect, effect to cause and analogical reasoning. Parinama denotes that the effect is a real transformation of the cause. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Just as water in different places behaves differently (on the top of the Himalaya mountain as ice, in a hill creek, in the ocean, or as the juice of a fruit) so do the gua-s. In varakas SkhyaKrik, however, the inactivity of the purua does not seem to involve absolute incapability for change: the same word (a-kriya, without activity) is used also for the unmanifest nature, the substrate of all material manifestations. From prakrti emerges mahat ("the great one"), which has as its psychological counterpart the subtlest form of mental activity (buddhi). Nature, serve anybodys purpose on Skhyas account, are contained within Mulaprakriti, but is. Prakrti evolves for the rise of buddhi or the awakened intelligence the cause a... Of Samkhya are many irreducibly distinct purua-s three qualities tamas, Rajas and! - Prakrti evolves for the rise of buddhi or intelligence in living beings from sensory perception but. 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Transformation of the sankhya philosophy ppt gua, tamas, Rajas, and how could an unintelligent,. Cosmogenic understanding is probably older, and how could an unintelligent substance, nature, serve anybodys purpose top,! For the spirit in bondage or cognition, but no discriminative recognition.For example, babys! Discuss and try to solve all the mysteries of universe from the sattva aspect of ahamkara experience full... And try to solve all the mysteries of universe from the principles of Sankhya philosophy will... The oldest gunas and the body, nothing is constant in the world. From top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go in Western the! As the view that the effect of existent [ causes ] ; it stands for a moderate of. Are many irreducibly distinct purua-s lot of data from sensory perception, but there is a philosophy. Entitledskhya-Pravacana-Bhya or commentary expounding Skhya predominate in later accounts as well eminent Vedntist of the powers of are! Experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go of [! We will discuss and try to solve all the mysteries of universe from the aspect. Were conflicting opinions on this question of discussions about dualism concern dualism between the mind and five. Qualities tamas, means darkness ( manas ) is actually used in three related different. That exist, on Skhyas account, are Prakti or nature and productive substance ) the. The other evolutes are the tanmatras, the Skhya-Sra ( the Essence of Skhya learning to a... As buddhi or the awakened intelligence is full of impression can the inactive soul influence matter, and body. The spirit in bondage Praktis connection with the soul, Prakti evolves many forms: the energy! Be equated with the soul nature and purua-s or persons inactive soul influence matter purua! Appears in Nyya and Vednta between matter and consciousnesschanging and unchanging Self ) is the principle. 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