[34] reported that the extracellular melanin produced by the fungus S. commune was effective against human epidermoid larynx carcinoma cell line (HEP-2) in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating its potential application in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. As explained in a paper published inMedical Hypothesesby retired medical practitioner Iain Mathewson, new research on low-level light therapy, also known as photobiomodulation, may explain the immediate benefit conferred by hairlessness, as it shows that exposure to the red and near-infrared radiation found at sunset increases mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and results in extra synthesis of ATP in all superficial tissuesites, including those of the brain.21Under Mathewsons hypothesis, a random mutation for hairlessness occurring in one of our African forebearers millions of years ago would have conferred an immediate survival advantage over her hairy relatives by enabling her body, especially her brain, to access the red and near-infrared wavelengths generated by ancient sunsets. Apart from this scavenging ability, melanin exhibits other biological activities, including thermoregulatory, photoprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, radioprotective, and immunomodulatory [13, 17, 18, 3134]. Vittorio Brena Back To Tokyo / Yesenia. WebIn his book The Science & Myth of Melanin Dr. Timothy Moore states that Melanin is more than just a pigment and is found many areas of the body besides the skin. Want to read. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. London, SW7 2QJ, Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Vittorio Brena Back To Tokyo / Yesenia. 1 (2015): 32-41,https://doi.org/10.2174/1871524915666150203093656. The variation in human skin from dark, melanin-saturated African skin to light, relatively melanin-depigmented Caucasianskin may merely be a direct by-product of our last common ancestor from Africa migrating toward sunlight-impoverished higher latitudes 60,000 years ago. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. WebMelanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers A. Bernardus Mostert Citation:Mostert, A.B. In W. dermatitidis and A. alternata, melanin confers resistance to oxidants permanganate and hypochlorite, representing a key role in pathogenesis of infections caused by these fungi [30]. The production of DOPA-melanin has also been investigated in other fungi such as Neurospora crassa [94], Podospora anserina [95], A. nidulans [91], A. oryzae, and C. neoformans [96]. Despite the difference in their origins, melanin pigments have a number of common characteristics that allow them to fulfill their protective function. Police Stop Law Packages CRC - Know Your Rights Manual - Qualified Immunity Notices Constitutional Rights Cards & Police Bond Liens! These authors concluded that the cultivation in the total absence of light increased biomass and production of extracellular and intracellular pigments in all fungi. Andrade, Helen F. Lisboa and Rita C. R. Gonalves, Factors influencing the melanin production. 9 (2008): 4396-402,https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.108.135756. This will also allow me to purchase better equipment to produce higher quality videos to learn from! According to Dr Timothy Moore In humans, melanin is the primary determinant of skin and hair colour Two examples of such therapeutic agents that will cross the blood-brain barrier when linked to melanin are boron and nerve growth factor. Collectively, this research suggests that, more than surviving radiation exposure that is normally lethal to most forms of life, fungi may be using melanin to feast on the free lunch of anthropogenic radioactivity. WebThe book features nearly all unknown secrets. WebFor those important aspects of pigment cell research that do not fall entirely within the scope of the study, such as human cutaneous melanoma or non-cutaneous melanogenesis, and for a more detailed discussion of melanins, melanogenesis, and their applications, the readers are referred to a number of reviews (e.g. 4 (April 2009): 2009 Apr; 10(4): 1419-1429,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10041419. Another study reported that melanized fungus Armillaria adsorb high concentrations of cations from the surrounding environment; some ions (Al, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Pb) were 50100 times more concentrated on rhizomorphs than in soil [156]. But this evolutionary adjustment may have come at a significant cost. Gerald H. Pollack, Xavier Figueroa, and Qing Zhao, Molecules, Water, andRadiant Energy: New Clues for the Origin of Life,International Journal ofMolecular Sciences10, no. However, melanin has been observed to have other functions such as neuroprotection and energy production. 31. 5 Princes Gate Court, Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Adapted from Ref. Besides, the microorganisms produce an extraordinary range of pigments that include several chemical classes such as carotenoids, melanins, flavins, phenazines, quinones, monascins, violacein, or indigo, as shown in Table1. Uploaded by For example, melanized fungal species as Cladosporium spp., Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Hormoconis resinae were found to colonize the walls of the damaged reactor at Chernobyl where they are exposed to a high constant radiation field [18, 19]. In order to compensate for the decreased availability of sunlight, the human body rapidly adjusted, potentially removing the natural sunscreen, melanin, from the skin since it interferes with the production ofvitamin D, a hormone that participates in governing the expression of more than 2,000 genes. Rate this book. Since the substrates for the production of pigment strongly influence the cost of the bioprocess, there is a need to select cheap and efficient substrates to make the process economically viable on the industrial scale. However, it is known that for the success of microbial fermentation processes, it is necessary to choose the correct productive culture strain and to determine the appropriate cultivation conditions [4, 8, 36]. Goodman and Bercovich, Melanin Directly Converts Light for VertebrateMetabolic Use, 190-202. Book details & editions. The rapid expansion of our speciess brain volume, known as encephalization, occurred at the same time as the adaptive event of human hair loss, around 2 million years ago. In the context, we hope that the information in this book will be useful and will encourage a greater number of researches on fungal melanin, which might be useful to deploy innovative and sustainable solutions for human health and the environment. It was demonstrated that the melanin produced by fungus Lachnum singerianum YM296 significantly inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation products and slowed down the aging process, elevating the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde in mice liver and brain homogenate and serum, suggesting that this pigment could be used as a new anti-aging drug [109]. In the genus Aspergillus, DHN-melanin has not been identified in some members, as A. nidulans and A. niger. The melanin-silver nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against food pathogens also have potential applicability in food processing and food packaging industries [124]. Therefore, the pigmented biomass of the MEL1 mutant may be considered as a promising biosorbents for removal/recovery of the rare earth elements from wastewater due to the presence of the melanin increase significantly metal complexing capacity, improving the efficiency of biosorption process [157]. J101 reported that the yield of pigment at 25C was ten times higher than at 30C, probably due to long growing (120 hours) and lower viscosity of the broth at 25C compared to 30C [49]. Similar results were also observed for melanin from Ophiocordyceps sinensis, which proved to be an effective DPPH radical scavenger and a strong ferrous iron chelator [105]. Without adequate vitamin D, our genome would completely destabilize, and immune balance would become disturbed, so the reduction of melanin to augment vitamin D status likely saved the lives of humans who migrated to cooler climates. 16. Melanin pigment extracted from several fungal species has shown the ability to scavenge free radicals (reactive nitrogen and oxygen species), becoming a potential natural antioxidant. Hairlessness would have increased our ability to produce vitamin D, an essential component for neurological development and the neuroplasticity and interconnectivity essential for intelligencenot to mention for the stability of our entire genome. The extracellular melanin isolated from S. commune showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas fluorescens and antifungal activity against dermatophytic fungi, Trichophyton simii, and T. rubrum [34]. In order to improve performance and reduce the cost of pigments produced by microbial fermentation, it is essential to identify the nutritional and physical factors that have a greater influence on the cell growth and metabolite biosynthesis [4, 6, 39, 40]. In this pathway, there are two possible starting molecules, L-dopa and tyrosine. Studies developed in our laboratory, using a melanin-overproducing mutant (MEL1) from Aspergillus nidulans fungus, showed that the higher production of pigment occurred at incubation temperature of 28C compared to 37C [50]. Classics Collection (Illustrated), Spain: Truth behind the Myth: A Foreignor's Personal Perspective, Free Men And Dreamers Volume 2: Twilights Last Gleaming, Crashing Down - A Post-Apocalyptic Novel (The Ravaged Land Series Book 3), Multidimensional Systems: Signal Processing and Modeling Techniques: Volume 69, Trade Dress and Design Law Elective Series (Elective (Aspen)), Julius Caesar: To the Banks of the Rubicon - The Story of the Roman People vol. Learn more by reading the entire Chapter 3,The New Biophysics of Energy Synthesis: How the Body Harvests Natures Alternative Energy Sources to Power Cellular Pathways, Build Resilience, and Promote Our Evolutionary Edge. Genres History. The optimization of medium composition is an important strategy to increase pigment production because some sources of carbon and nitrogen can be more easily assimilated and promote higher yields of the desired product. In this study, we demonstrated that this melanin pigment did not induce gene mutations in different strains of Salmonella typhimurium used in the Ames assay. In our studies, it was noted that no melanin pigment production takes place during stationary cultivation of hypermelanized mutant (MEL1) from A. nidulans, indicating that the formation of this pigment involves the oxidative polymerization of the precursors [50]. In another provocative study published in the journalToxicology and Applied Pharmacology, researchers extracted melanin from the fungusGliocephalotrichum simplexand gave it to mice just before exposing them to gamma radiation, increasing their 30-day survival by 100 percent. For example, the pigment production by Penicillium sp. These studies have shown that fungi can produce different types of melanins by oxidative polymerization of phenolic or indolic compounds [11, 27]. The extracellular fungal melanin, which is found in culture fluids usually in the form of granules, can be formed from some culture components, which are autoxidized or are oxidized by phenoloxidases released from the fungus during autolysis [10, 11, 27]. Most Ascomycota fungi synthesize DHN-melanin from the polyketide synthase pathway, whereas few species are able to produce melanin through L-DOPA, in a pathway that resembles mammalian melanin biosynthesis [1113]. Rate this book. Goodman and Bercovich, Melanin Directly Converts Light for VertebrateMetabolic Use, 190-202. Medical treatments using radiation such as external beam radiation therapy for cancer patients can damage bone marrow resulting in debilitating side effects. Scientists have identified three forms of melanin in humans: eumelanin. isolated from a wall surface, indicating its potential application as effective paint additives [123]. Melanin produced by Schizophyllum commune showed high free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner, when the melanin concentration was increased from 10 to 50 g, the scavenging activity was also increased from 87% to 96%, similar to those obtained using ascorbic acid (standard compound used to measure free radical scavenging activity) [34]. Mice treated with melanin-coated nanoparticles have higher white blood cell and platelet counts than control mice after radiation treatment [117]. From trees to flowers to food to energy you will find this one extremely rare. Print length 103 pages Language English Publisher Lushena Books Publication date 21. :). WebGREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH PUBLIC OFFICIAL BONDS BOOK (POB) Public Official Bonds - Make Them Pay!!! This study confirmed the possible use of melanin-coated nanoparticles for protecting against radiotoxicity during radioimmunotherapy [117]. Be the first one to, Melanin What Makes Black People Black By Llaila Afrika PDF, MelaninWhatMakesBlackPeopleBlackByLlailaAfrikaPDF, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). 2 (August 2008): 190-202,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2008.03.038. There are 5 things that the Pineal gland is responsible for: Inner Eye I) by Carol Barnes Melanin: The Organizing Molecule Berkley CA: Institute for the Study of Consciousnesses (Thesis) Message To The Blackman in America by Elijah Muhammad Metu Neter Vol. Microorganisms are also more feasible sources of pigments in comparison to pigments extracted from plants and animals because they do not have seasonal constraints, do not compete for limited farming land with actual foods, and can be produced easily in the cheap culture medium with high yields [16]. It has been reported that melanin protects melanocytes and keratinocytes from the induction of DNA strand broken by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that this pigment also has an important antioxidant role in the skin [107]. Ekaterina Dadachova and Arturo Casadevall, Ionizing Radiation: How FungiCope, Adapt, and Exploit with the Help of Melanin,Current Opinion inMicrobiology11, no. These authors also studied the culture of C. cladosporioides in different growth times and found that a culture grown for two days is not pigmented and has only 34% of Cd adsorption rate that obtained for pigmented biomass after 4 days of growth [155]. Search the history of over 797 billion A state of the art facility which uses disciplined scholarship to ascertain objective knowledge regarding melanin and maintain a database of such knowledge would help to expand the awareness of melanin and its actual characteristics. These results showed that melanin thin films have great potential in the reconstruction of tissues, being biodegradable, and possess inflammatory response comparable to silicone. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. A piezoelectric sensor system capable of real-time detection of metal ions was constructed by cross-linking melanin onto the gold electrode of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and showed high sensitivity and selectivity to metal ions particularly for Hg(II) [138]. Our studies demonstrated that melanin extracted from a highly melanized mutant (MEL1) of A. nidulans inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, with a maximum response of 82% inhibition, and also showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on TNF- production, reaching an inhibition of 51.86% at a melanin concentration of 100 g/mL. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Others studies suggest that melanin contributes to fungal pathogenesis because this pigment alters the host defense response mechanisms, decreases phagocytosis, and reduces the toxicity of microbicidal peptides, reactive oxygen species, and antifungal drugs as well as to play a significant role in fungal cell wall mechanical strength [27, 28]. This could have further increased brain development in the sheer size and complexity of neural circuits. WebThis volume goes over the brain hemispheres, history of religion, Black founders of civilization, the Sun, cosmology and cosmogony, the subjective and objective realms of being, analysis of cosmological system and view of man, spiritual anatomy of man, types of man and the cultivation of the spiritual man, the Tree of Life initiation system, Wheat bran extract, L-tyrosine, and CuSO4 represent the best combination of medium components to obtain the maximum melanin yield from the fungus A. auricula in submerged culture [73]. WebIt is in the melanocytes that melanin is produced. [159] In a study on the uptake efficiency of the radiocesium (137Cs) and radiocobalt (60Co) in melanized and nonmelanized fungi, it was observed that 60% of both radionuclides were uptaken by melanin of A. alternata and Aspergillus pulverulents. 29. Pigments produced by different microorganisms. 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