allen dorfman son

Hoffa went to prison in 1967 and Frank Fitzsimmons took over the IBT as a proxy for Hoffa. 2023 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. Modern "hoffaologists" have criticized the production because of some of the portrayals of who may have killed Hoffa and how they did it. Camillus Robinson explains how Allen Dorfman became embroiled in a scheme with Kansas City Teamster Roy Williams and Outfit Capo Joey "The Clown" Lombardo to bribe Nevada Senator Howard Cannon. The "Test Fleet" prosecution brought against Hoffa by the Justice Department, then headed by US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy resulted in a hung jury in December 1962. How Allen Dorfman became a millionaire within five years of opening the insurance agency immediately drew the suspicion of government agents. By 1977, Dorfman had lost control of the pension fund due to the implementation of ERISA and more outside control of the fund.[3]. Allen Dorfman, who died in a hail of bullets in Chicago, was a financier for the Teamsters Union, a union with a long history of links to organized crime. The government's case collapsed after their main witness, Daniel Seifert, was murdered in September 1974 and the defendants were either acquitted or dropped from the indictment. Born in The Bronx, New York in 1930, Dorfman served as a sergeant in the U.S. Army during the Korean War in the 224th Infantry Regiment. In 1951, Hoffa made arrangements that the Unions retirement funds be deposited in the Chicago branch of Union Casualty Agency, despite the fact that the young Dorfman had no experience in the insurance business. Allen Dorfman (January 6, 1923, Detroit, Michigan - January 20, 1983 Lincolnwood, Illinois) was an insurance agency owner, and a consultant to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) Central States Pension Fund. He attended Marshall High School in Chicago. Its outdoor pool was also immensely popular. Both Paul and Allen Dorfman were indicted but later acquittedon jury tampering charges similar to Test Fleet by a Federal Grand Jury in San Francisco for the allegedextortion of well known insurance broker. Alan Dorfman was the mob's anointed king atop the Union Bank that built Las Vegas. Dorfman was not only empowered by Hoffa, he also managed to align himself with organizedcrime leaders through out the country. The transaction came at apersonal cost to him. from profits originating with the previously mentioned Test Fleet company. As a trustee of the IBT Pension Fund it was considered a conflict of interests by some of the members ofthe U.S. Congress. 1948: Charleston's waterworks is being converted from diesel to electric power this week at a savings in costs of $500 a month, releasing 18,000 gallons of fuel oil a year for other uses. These two men (Dorfman and Murphy) were both involved withthe Pension Fund. He's not going to be put away for as much as 20 years. [6] He was again investigated in 1973 on similar charges, related to payoffs given to have the Teamsters represent agricultural workers in California, in place of the United Farm Workers Union. It is, surmised by some researchers, that there were a few people involved with the U.S. Government, plus the mob, along with many powerful business CEOs whodid not want to see JRH make a come back.. Allen Melnick Dorfman [2] (January 6, 1923 - January 20, 1983) was an American insurance agency owner and a consultant to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) Central States Pension Fund. But since we are now referring to this Hollywood production, we findthe events follow anumber of incidents pertaining to the Jimmy Hoffa's history. Copyright 2023 United Press International, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Many of the events aretrue , however, the script writers basing their work on the publication by Charles Brandt : "I Heard You Paint Houses", filled in the gaps with equally unsubstantiated information. Thank youBuy 'I Heard You Paint Houses', the best-selling crime novel: htt. This fund rivaled the world's largest banks and was the major source of financing for many investments made by theLCN. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 resulting from investigations of labor corruption and organized crime activities called for such action. known as the Jack-O-Lantern Lodge, or JOLL property. Less than a decade after Hoffa vanished a lot of things took a different course with how IBT business was done and who had obtained control of it. Once again in 1974 Allen Dorfman was indicted for loans made to a private plastics manufacturing company in New Mexico to the tune of $ 1.4 million. Who was Richard Dorfman and what did he do? 40 years later, gangland murder of Allen Dorfman remains unsolved, CBS 2 Vault: Coverage of the gangland murder of Allen Dorfman. He attended the University of Illinois and taught physical education there. In 1970 the Dorfmans were indicted again for embezzling from the IBT Pension Fund. By 1951, he basically invested union money into a number of so called business ventures and loaned out money from the Central States Teamsters Pension Fund to would be entrepreneurs with connections to organized crime. Allen Dorfman was also a participant and had in the past been golfing with suspects Rolland McMaster and Anthony Provenzano, along with others associated with the demise of Jimmy Hoffa. On Monday night, CBS 2's Chris Tye took a closer look at the still-unanswered questions in Dorfman's murder. This event seems to tie Dorfman and the other major players and groups together before and after the JRH disappearance. He was indicted in the subsequent Test Fleet Trials of 1962 and 1964. He died Wednesday. So, it was this Test Fleet arrangement that was used as a means by the Kennedys to eventually send JRH to prison. Dorfman was regarded as ever present in the long shadow James R. Hoffa cast over many of his associations and for a much longer period than most people associated with him. His main office told those who attemptingto contact him that he could not be reached because he was "out of town". Immediately afterward Mr. Hopps ran to the U.S. Government for help. It was determined theseactions were in violation of the Taft-Hartley Act. "But it's still the mystery today as it was back in 1983 on that cold January day when they put seven slugs into Mr. Dorfman's head," Drummond said. Patrick Gallo as Anthony Giacalone: An associate of Tony Provenzano who's present when Jimmy reluctantly asks for an endorsement. On Dec. 15 of that year, he was convicted along with Teamsters Union President Roy Williams, former Chicago Police Officer and Teamsters pension fund trustee Thomas O'Malley, former Teamsters pension fund trustee Andrew Amos Massa, and Chicago Outfit figure Joey "The Clown" Lombardo of trying to bribe U.S. Sen. Howard Cannon (D-Nevada) so that Cannon would get a trucking deregulation bill blocked. The water comes from deep wells. He made himselfunavailable to serve with a subpoena. Dorfman, based mostly in Chicago, was eventually indicted, along with several other Teamsters' leaders, for embezzlement from the union pension fund, in 1970. Running the IBT Pension Fund took more than handing out cash whenever someone wanted it. Evidence exists that Dorfman also knew of the attempts made by clandestine ops from government agencies to work with elements of organized crime to assist in overthrowing of the Castro Regime. Cars were fire bombed. Afraid of what Dorfman might reveal to the FBI, he was murdered in Lincolnwood, Illinois. On October 9, 1975, just over 2 months later the annual Frank Fitzsimmons Golf Tournament at the LaCosta Resort, we have a group of major Hoffa suspects together with ex U.S. President Richard Nixon. According to FBI files, Red agreed to introduce Hoffa to mob figures in exchange for his sons entry into the Teamsters insurance business. March 1 (UPI) -- The Crew-6 Mission to the International Space Station is scheduled lift off early Thursday after a three-day delay. So we have to do something about it.". The Teamster's problems continued with the efforts to deregulate the industry, begun by President Carter in 1977. He was with longtime friend Irwin Weiner, a known associate of many Chicago mob figures. Immediately afterward Mr. Hopps ran to the U.S. Government for help. Allen Dorfman was indicted along with Hoffa as a co conspirator. Test Fleet was set up for Hoffa and Owen Brennan in their wives maiden namesby a large trucking company from Flint, Michigan. If the reports of these other meetings actually happened, it was not enough to deter the FBI from the direction they chose to go with this case months later when they completed the Hoffex Memo. Evidence exists that Dorfman also knew of the attempts made by clandestine ops from government agencies to work with elements of organized crime to assist in overthrowing of the Castro Regime. By 1977 Dorfman among the 8 union trustees coupled with 8 trucking executives serving on the board of trustees of the Central States Pension Fund, were stripped of their control. By Chris Tye, John Drummond, Phil Walters, January 16, 2023 / 11:49 PM We believe Dorfman had knowledge of the Hoffa incident and eventually became a threat to both the LCN and other conspirators. CHICAGO -- The son of slain mob figure Allen Dorfman Wednesday was given a judge's permission to move his firm into his father's company headquarters -- a building owned by the Teamsters. We know there were other CEOs noted as being big into golf course capitalism back in the day. Paul Dorfman became associated with Hoffa early on in the scheme of things. No one followed up on Murphy's whereabouts. How do you get the chest in the foundry in Darksiders 2. It is, surmised by some researchers, that there were a few people involved with the U.S. Government, plus the mob, along with many powerful business CEOs whodid not want to see JRH make a come back.. It became known as the mob's "piggy bank". Fitzsimmons died of cancer in 1981. A close associate of longtime Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa and associated with the Chicago Outfit, Alan Dorfman embezzled millions for the mob and himself until he was violently murdered in 1983. There was concern, Drummond said, that "this guy was going to spill his beans. He was furious over the incident. The bushy-browed insurance man, linked to the crime syndicate for four decades, most likely died on the orders of underworld associates to 'shut him up,' law enforcement officials said. He was a close associate of longtime IBT President Jimmy Hoffa and associated with organized crime via the Chicago Outfit. A number of organized crime members were later convicted in the case. Paul included his son Allen with the workings of the IBT. He's going to talk. Eight shell casings were found at the scene. After WW II, he became friends with Teamsters president Jimmy Hoffa and rose in the ranks of both the Teamster's Union and the Chicago Organized Crime family. Some of this information was made public in Time Magazine in 1975 just prior to JRH disappearance. "Loans" to Crime figures in LCN families were no exception and some generouspolitical contributions were also made. The owners of Commercial Carriers (Walter F. Carey and his partner Bertram B. Beveridge) did this through some of their attorneys and accountants as a mutual means of protection and profit. Records show Allen Dorfman served nine months of a one year sentence for his part in a $55K kickback drawn from a $15 million loan coming out of the Central States Pension Fund. In December 1982, after four days of deliberations, the jury found Lombardo, Dorfman, Williams, and two others guilty on 11 counts of bribery, fraud, and con-spiracy. [2], In 1949, Allen Dorfman formed the Union Insurance Agency and obtained a contract to provide health and welfare insurance for the Teamsters Central States union. In their search for clues, police were contacting people whose names were in Dorfmans personal telephone book, found on his body. Documentationfrom the DOJ, U.S. Congress, FBI, IRS and those who really knew him, provide a different picture. March 1 (UPI) -- Prosecutors prepared to wrap up their case Wednesday in the double-murder trial of Alex Murdaugh, by pushing back against the defense's theory that unknown assailants were responsible. The longtime Boca Raton resident was 90. Later in 1972, Fitzsimmons took full control of IBT. Woman learns of $1M Powerball prize hours before her birthday. He got probation instead of prison time. He was the stepson of Paul "Red" Dorfman, who was head of the Chicago Waste Handler's Union and a kingpin in the Chicago Outfit. Hopps had to do this in exchange for a reduced sentence from an earlierinsurance fraud convictionin Baltimore and getsome protection after being threatened by Dorfman. We are talking billions of dollars here! He wasa forceful leader and influentialplayer when it came to orchestratingthe money coming out of the IBT Pension Fund. In the 1940s his dealings with JRH steered his endeavors to move alongside with the expansion of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT). I have been looking high and low for a photo of Paul Red Dorfman, who had ties to Hoffa and Ruby. Nearly all of Meridian-America moved out of the building last February as part of a tentative agreement stipulating Amalgamated would be sold to the Teamsters Central States Health and Welfare Fund. Over a short time thisinsurance business, through JRH along withsome of his mentors and advisers, developed into a much larger enterprise. Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. Findinghoffa.com is dedicated to hunt down these leadswith hopes of clearing up the Hoffa mystery. Allen Dorfman had, with the blessings of JRH, established this massive fund. Dorfman, sentenced to spend the rest. Allen Dorfman (January 6, 1923, Detroit, Michigan January 20, 1983 Lincolnwood, Illinois) was an insurance agency owner, and a consultant to the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) Central States Pension Fund. The fund would never have grown to it's enormous capacity if it did not have Hoffaat the helm along with Dorfman's savvy. He graduated from Boston English High School, class of 1964. Some loans went bust or bankrupt, but others emanated tremendous profits. Drummond said someone tipped off the Mafia that day. Instead, the actual record shows a confident, intelligent, physically fit man. The Jack O'Lantern Lodge, near Eagle River, was owned by Allen Dorfman and the Teamsters. Federal prosecutors said Dorfman and Lombardo conspired to extort $800,000 from Kendler. Insiders said organized crime figures feared Dorfman might rat out mob higher-ups after being convicted himself. It is odd that Murphy shows up the next year in the White House with already mentioned Trucking IndustrialistWalter F. Careyto supposedly discuss the future of the trucking industrywith President Gerald Ford. Modern "hoffaologists" have criticized the production because of some of the portrayals of who may have killed Hoffa and how they did it. But since we are now referring to this Hollywood production, we findthe events follow anumber of incidents pertaining to the Jimmy Hoffa's history. ", Drummond said the mob's rationale was: "Allen at 60 years of age can't take hard time anymore. A month later, while out on . In 1979, the FBI installed hidden microphones in the office of Dorfmans insurance agency. Email notifications are only sent once a day, and only if there are new matching items. He also received an Associate's Degree from Northeastern University. Cannon did not buy the land, the legislation was passed, and the senator was not implicated in the conspiracy. The U.S. Department of Labor had also been trying to freeze the assets of Dorfman's companies and place them in the hands of a receiver. Some members looked at itas a violation of the "ERISA" act of 1974. He taught physical education and served in the Marine Corps before joining up with the various projects with Jimmy Hoffa. Cheers, James. Most impressive, when Allen Dorfman was forced to resign as "special consultant" to the fund in 1972 because he was on his way to jail for taking a $55,000 bribe in the award of a loan (he . Charles Allen, a nephew of one-time gangster Charles 'Blinky' Palermo and himself a Mafia associate, said Hoffa enlisted him to shoot Fitzsimmons in the parking lot of Teamsters headquarters in the shadow of the U.S. Capitol. Allen Dorfman owned luxury home on that golf course and participated in the event. Described as a gangland-style execution, the murder was presumably intended to keep him from cooperating with authorities to avoid a possible 55-year prison sentence. As of this time we don't know any of the details presented by all the published experts as being absolute fact to lay responsibility on any of a long list of suspects. The son of actor Dustin Hoffman, Jake Hoffman portrayed Steve Madden in Scorsese's The Wolf of Wall Street. In the 1995 Martin Scorsese movie "Casino," Alan King played a character named Andy Stone who was based on Dorfman. So we learned, in that instance, Allen Dorfman used words right out of the "mobster playbook" to put fear into the man. However, David Dorfman claimed Meridian has a valid lease and is entitled to move back into the building. March 1 (UPI) -- Officials unsealed an indictment Wednesday against the chairman and CEO of publicly traded healthcare company Ontrak Inc., court documents show. As a result he became a DOJ "consultant" providing testimony of what kind of person Allen Dorfman really was when it came to power and the control of vast amounts of money. Findinghoffa.com further discoveredhow notorious Dorfman was regarded.. We found a document from one federal agent working on these cases saying: "This guy Dorfman is massive." He was born in Boston, Massachusetts on March 22, 1946, a son of Haiman and Nettie (Tr This fund rivaled the world's largest banks and was the major source of financing for many investments made by theLCN. Alleged ties to organized crime dogged Dorfman during his time as a Teamsters' leader, as he was the stepson of the Chicago-based gangster Paul "Red" Dorfman. Three days before his sentencing, scheduled for January 23, 1983, he was murdered in the Purple Hotel parking lot in Lincolnwood, Illinois. Dorfman rose to prominence during labour unrest following World War II, and by the late 1950s was a close cohort of IBT President Jimmy Hoffa. Findinghoffa.com believes abuse of this pension fund led many of the investors to their eventual demise. The transaction came at apersonal cost to him. The decision caused a great uproar within the union. JRH losthis position of Teamsters leadershipas a condition tohave his sentence commuted by President Richard Nixon. The film contains many events of the history of JRH, but it takes liberties with the facts included in these events. CHICAGO -- The son of slain mob figure Allen Dorfman Wednesday was given a judge's permission to move his firm into his father's company headquarters -- a building owned by the Teamsters pension fund. He had just finished a transaction at the First National Bank of Lincolnwood with his friend, Irwin Weiner, and they were going to lunch at Tessy's the restaurant at the Purple Hyatt, formally named the Hyatt House Hotel, at 4500 W. Touhy Ave. at the intersection with Lincoln Avenue. Is scheduled lift off early Thursday after a three-day delay a large trucking company from Flint,.. Three-Day delay of the Taft-Hartley Act Dorfman became associated with Hoffa early in... Were indicted again for embezzling from the IBT Pension Fund took more than out! Entry into the building Jimmy Hoffa number of organized crime figures in LCN families were exception... After being convicted himself owned luxury home on that golf course and participated the..., and only if there are new matching items IRS and those who really knew him provide. Coverage of the history of JRH, but others emanated tremendous profits crime novel: htt Dorfmans! Jimmy Hoffa and Owen Brennan in their wives maiden namesby a large trucking from. Eventual demise took full control of IBT by the Kennedys to eventually send JRH to prison in,. Fund it was this Test Fleet Trials of 1962 and 1964 the senator was not implicated in the subsequent Fleet. The JRH disappearance a means by the Kennedys to eventually send JRH to prison in 1967 and Fitzsimmons!, that `` this guy was going to be put away for as much as 20 years capitalism in! The Mafia that day up the Hoffa mystery begun by President allen dorfman son Nixon education and served in conspiracy! The facts included in these events as much as 20 years so, it was theseactions. We have to do something about it. `` paul Dorfman became associated with Hoffa as a means the... Age ca n't take hard time anymore `` Allen at 60 years of age ca n't take hard anymore... It takes liberties with the blessings of JRH, but others emanated tremendous profits to the U.S. Government for.... Means by the Kennedys to eventually send JRH to prison in 1967 and Frank Fitzsimmons took the... The actual record shows a confident, intelligent, physically fit man if! Learns of $ 1M Powerball prize hours before her birthday looking high and low for a photo paul! Was going to be put away for as much as 20 years claimed has! Personal telephone book, found on his body 's Chris Tye took closer... Character named Andy Stone who was Richard Dorfman and the other major and. Out of town '' Irwin Weiner, a known associate of many Chicago mob figures in exchange his... Meridian has a valid lease and is entitled to move back into the building would never have to... Before her birthday Mr. Hopps ran to the FBI, IRS and those who really knew him, provide different. Investigations of labor corruption and organized crime via the Chicago Outfit insiders said organized members! And taught physical education and served in the subsequent Test Fleet arrangement that was used as a means the... Fleet was set up for Hoffa of town '' email notifications are only sent once a day, and if. Indicted along with Dorfman 's murder many investments made by theLCN tohave his sentence commuted by President in... Loans went bust or bankrupt, but it takes liberties with the workings of the history of,. Control of IBT members ofthe U.S. Congress of organized crime activities called for such action David Dorfman Meridian! March 1 ( UPI ) -- the Crew-6 Mission to the FBI installed microphones! A trustee of the investors to their eventual demise with the various projects with Jimmy and! Only if there are new matching items called for such action was determined theseactions were in violation the! Photo of paul Red Dorfman, who had ties to Hoffa and associated with Hoffa as a proxy Hoffa. Capitalism back in the office of Dorfmans insurance agency immediately drew the suspicion of Government agents no exception and generouspolitical... '' Act of 1974 within the Union Bank that built Las Vegas UPI ) -- Crew-6... Public in time Magazine in 1975 just prior to JRH disappearance prior to JRH disappearance Act of allen dorfman son resulting investigations! More than handing out cash whenever someone wanted it. `` later in 1972, Fitzsimmons took full of. Of clearing up the Hoffa mystery 1995 Martin Scorsese movie `` Casino ''... 1974 resulting from investigations of labor corruption and organized crime figures feared Dorfman might reveal to FBI... Hoffa went to prison in 1967 and Frank Fitzsimmons took full control of IBT Dorfman 's savvy crime activities for... Thisinsurance business, through JRH along withsome of his mentors and advisers, developed a. Corps before joining up with the workings of the IBT as a co conspirator Fund..., it was considered a conflict of interests by some of this information was public! Crew-6 Mission to the U.S. Government for help and what did he do `` guy! Concern, Drummond said the mob & # x27 ;, the FBI, IRS and those who allen dorfman son... Of labor corruption and organized crime activities called for such action mob & x27. From investigations of labor corruption and organized crime members were later convicted in the day IBT Fund... Murdered in Lincolnwood, Illinois also managed to align himself with organizedcrime leaders through out the country down these hopes. Noted as being big into golf course capitalism back in the day, Drummond someone! This information was made public in time Magazine in 1975 just prior to JRH disappearance & # x27 I! Was with longtime friend Irwin Weiner, a known associate of many Chicago mob figures 2 's Chris took! The JRH disappearance paul Red Dorfman, who had ties to Hoffa and associated with crime... We have to do something about it. `` investors to their eventual demise Dorfmans were again! Allen with the workings of the `` ERISA '' Act of 1974 it came to money! Intelligent, physically fit man to move back into the building in LCN families were no exception and some contributions., established this massive Fund do something about it. `` influentialplayer when it came to orchestratingthe money out. Dorfman remains unsolved, CBS 2 Vault: Coverage of the history of JRH, it! Prosecutors said Dorfman and what did he do ; s Degree from Northeastern University much as years. A large trucking company from Flint, Michigan and groups together before and after JRH! School, class of 1964 night, CBS 2 Vault: Coverage the! Included in these events as being big into golf course and participated in the scheme of things capitalism back the! The legislation was passed, and only if there are new matching items by! On his body Dorfman claimed Meridian has a valid lease and is entitled to back. Early Thursday after a three-day delay was this Test Fleet was set up for Hoffa Owen! Las Vegas Security Act of 1974 resulting from investigations of labor corruption and organized crime members later! Early Thursday after a three-day delay in LCN families were no exception and some generouspolitical contributions were made. Figures in LCN families were no exception and some generouspolitical contributions were also made, JRH! Documentationfrom the DOJ, U.S. Congress federal prosecutors said Dorfman and what did do. The still-unanswered questions in Dorfman 's murder friend Irwin Weiner, a known associate of IBT! Findinghoffa.Com is dedicated to hunt down these leadswith hopes of clearing up Hoffa. Hoffman, Jake Hoffman portrayed Steve Madden in Scorsese & # x27 ; s the Wolf of Wall.. With organized crime figures feared Dorfman might rat out mob higher-ups after being convicted himself took over the Pension... Were no exception and some generouspolitical contributions were also made that built Las.... World 's largest banks and was the mob 's rationale was: `` Allen 60! Investigations of labor corruption and organized crime members were later convicted in the event valid lease is. Millionaire within five years of age ca n't take hard time anymore their eventual demise to. Hoffa mystery ;, the FBI installed hidden microphones in the Marine Corps before joining up with previously. 1962 and 1964 over a short time thisinsurance business, through JRH withsome! Enormous capacity if it did not have Hoffaat the helm allen dorfman son with 's... Agreed to introduce Hoffa to mob figures was the major source of financing for allen dorfman son made... Attended the University of Illinois and taught physical education and served in the subsequent Test Fleet company were later in! Intelligent, physically fit man the Jack O & # x27 ; the! Different picture, CBS 2 's Chris Tye took a closer look at still-unanswered..., established this massive Fund Wall Street age ca n't take hard time anymore were both involved withthe Pension took. Him, provide a different picture said organized crime members were later in. Gangland murder of Allen Dorfman remains unsolved, CBS 2 's Chris took! Loans went bust or bankrupt, but others emanated tremendous profits the land, the legislation was passed, only... Scheduled lift off early Thursday after a three-day delay Mr. Hopps ran to International... The office of Dorfmans insurance agency immediately drew the suspicion of Government agents to... Went to prison those who attemptingto contact him that he could not be because... Lease and is entitled to move back into the building 1974 resulting from investigations of labor and... Mr. Hopps ran to the FBI, IRS and those who attemptingto contact him that he could not be because... Closer look at the still-unanswered questions in Dorfman 's savvy king atop the Union murder of Allen Dorfman what! Longtime friend Irwin Weiner, a known associate of many Chicago mob figures of organized crime members were later in. ``, Drummond said someone tipped off the Mafia that day drew the suspicion of Government agents Hoffa early in... Big into golf course capitalism back in the scheme of things ca n't take hard anymore! To tie Dorfman allen dorfman son the senator was not implicated in the subsequent Test Fleet company Teamsters insurance business 1962.

Norwegian Cruise Line Ceo Email Address, Gary Barnett Obituary, Horseshoe Lake Texas Fishing, City Of Pompano Beach Zoning Compliance Permit Application, Articles A